Foot morphological variations between different ethnicities and sex: a systematic review

Foot morphology varies between individuals of different sex and ethnicities across the world. Most commonly measured are foot length breadth which have practical implications in shoe design forensics. This review aims to identify relevant papers on topic morphological variation, compare results. Searches were carried out PubMed, Scopus Web Science until January 2020. Live human subjects age 16 over included study. Included studies analysed using Anatomical Quality Assurance (AQUA) Checklist (Tomaszewski et al., 2017 Tomaszewski, K. A., Henry, B. M., Kumar Ramakrishnan, P., Roy, J., Vikse, Loukas, Tubbs, R. S., & Walocha, J. A. (2017). Development checklist: Guidelines for reporting original anatomical studies. Clinical Anatomy, 30(1), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22800[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web ®] , [Google Scholar]) determine quality from Any study cadavers, paediatric participants those with any underlying condition that affected shape excluded. 17 involving 15,235 globe. Evidence suggests differs among sex. significant differences found Asian population when compared Australian Pacific Islanders. Females had smaller measurements all exception lateral talocalcaneal angle calcaneal pitch two African indicate higher arch profile females this ethnic group. highlights exist same is most used stature estimation prediction more accurate than breadth. Results highlight need global orthotic manufacturers broaden fit footwear worldwide inclusion continued research greater sample size be studied.